Farm drainage The Principles, Processes, and Effects of Draining Land with Stones, Wood, Plows, and Open Ditches, and Especially with Tiles
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FARM DRAINAGE.
PREFACE.
LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.
CONTENTS.
FARM DRAINAGE.
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY.
CHAPTER II. HISTORY OF THE ART OF DRAINING.
ELKINGTON'S SYSTEM OF DRAINAGE.
DRAINAGE OF SPRINGS.
THE DEANSTON SYSTEM; OR, FREQUENT DRAINAGE.
VIEWS OF MR. PARKES.
THE KEYTHORPE SYSTEM.
THE WHARNCLIFFE SYSTEM.
ELKINGTON'S SYSTEM OF DRAINAGE.
DRAINAGE OF SPRINGS.
THE DEANSTON SYSTEM; OR, FREQUENT DRAINAGE.
VIEWS OF MR. PARKES.
THE KEYTHORPE SYSTEM.
THE WHARNCLIFFE SYSTEM.
CHAPTER III RAIN, EVAPORATION, AND FILTRATION.
CHAPTER IV DRAINAGE OF HIGH LANDS—WHAT LANDS REQUIRE DRAINAGE.
THE SOURCES OF MOISTURE.
THE WATER OF PRESSURE.
WHAT LANDS REQUIRE DRAINAGE?
DO ALL LANDS REQUIRE DRAINAGE?
ALL LANDS OVERFLOWED IN SUMMER REQUIRE DRAINAGE.
SWAMPS AND BOGS REQUIRE DRAINAGE.
ALL HIGH LANDS THAT CONTAIN TOO MUCH WATER AT ANY SEASON, REQUIRE DRAINAGE.
INDICATIONS OF TOO MUCH MOISTURE.
WILL IT PAY?
THE SOURCES OF MOISTURE.
THE WATER OF PRESSURE.
WHAT LANDS REQUIRE DRAINAGE?
DO ALL LANDS REQUIRE DRAINAGE?
ALL LANDS OVERFLOWED IN SUMMER REQUIRE DRAINAGE.
SWAMPS AND BOGS REQUIRE DRAINAGE.
ALL HIGH LANDS THAT CONTAIN TOO MUCH WATER AT ANY SEASON, REQUIRE DRAINAGE.
INDICATIONS OF TOO MUCH MOISTURE.
WILL IT PAY?
CHAPTER V VARIOUS METHODS OF DRAINAGE.
OPEN DITCHES.
BRUSH DRAINS.
PLUG-DRAINING
MOLE DRAINING.
SHANGHAE PLOW.
WEDGE AND SHOULDER DRAINS.
LARCH TUBES.
DRAINS OF STONES.
OPEN DITCHES.
BRUSH DRAINS.
PLUG-DRAINING
MOLE DRAINING.
SHANGHAE PLOW.
WEDGE AND SHOULDER DRAINS.
LARCH TUBES.
DRAINS OF STONES.
CHAPTER VI DRAINAGE WITH TILES.
WHAT ARE DRAIN-TILES?
THE FORMS OF TILES.
THE SIZE OF TILES.
FRICTION,
"DISCHARGE OF WATER THROUGH PIPES.
HOW WATER ENTERS THE TILES.
DURABILITY OF TILE DRAINS.
WHAT ARE DRAIN-TILES?
THE FORMS OF TILES.
THE SIZE OF TILES.
FRICTION,
"DISCHARGE OF WATER THROUGH PIPES.
HOW WATER ENTERS THE TILES.
DURABILITY OF TILE DRAINS.
CHAPTER VII DIRECTION, DISTANCE, AND DEPTH OF DRAINS.
DIRECTION OF DRAINS.
DISTANCES APART, OR FREQUENCY OF DRAINS.
DISTANCES DEPEND UPON THE NATURE OF THE SOIL.
DISTANCES DEPEND UPON THE DEPTH OF THE DRAINS.
DISTANCES DEPEND UPON CLIMATE.
DISTANCES DEPEND UPON THE COMPARATIVE PRICES OF LABOR AND TILES.
DISTANCES DEPEND UPON SYSTEM.
DEPTH OF DRAINS.
TILES MUST BE LAID BELOW THE REACH OF THE SUBSOIL PLOW.
TILES MUST BE LAID BELOW FROST.
DIRECTION OF DRAINS.
DISTANCES APART, OR FREQUENCY OF DRAINS.
DISTANCES DEPEND UPON THE NATURE OF THE SOIL.
DISTANCES DEPEND UPON THE DEPTH OF THE DRAINS.
DISTANCES DEPEND UPON CLIMATE.
DISTANCES DEPEND UPON THE COMPARATIVE PRICES OF LABOR AND TILES.
DISTANCES DEPEND UPON SYSTEM.
DEPTH OF DRAINS.
TILES MUST BE LAID BELOW THE REACH OF THE SUBSOIL PLOW.
TILES MUST BE LAID BELOW FROST.
CHAPTER VIII ARRANGEMENT OF DRAINS.
ARRANGEMENT MUST HAVE REFERENCE TO SYSTEM.
ARRANGEMENT MUST HAVE REFERENCE TO THE FALL.
ARRANGEMENT MUST HAVE REFERENCE TO THE OUTLET.
GRATINGS OR SCREENS AT THE OUTLET.
OF WELLS AND RELIEF PIPES.
SMALL WELLS, OR PEEP-HOLES.
POSITION AND SIZE OF THE MAINS.
POSITION OF THE MINOR DRAINS.
THE JUNCTION OF DRAINS.
DRAINAGE INTO WELLS, OR SWALLOW HOLES.
ARRANGEMENT MUST HAVE REFERENCE TO SYSTEM.
ARRANGEMENT MUST HAVE REFERENCE TO THE FALL.
ARRANGEMENT MUST HAVE REFERENCE TO THE OUTLET.
GRATINGS OR SCREENS AT THE OUTLET.
OF WELLS AND RELIEF PIPES.
SMALL WELLS, OR PEEP-HOLES.
POSITION AND SIZE OF THE MAINS.
POSITION OF THE MINOR DRAINS.
THE JUNCTION OF DRAINS.
DRAINAGE INTO WELLS, OR SWALLOW HOLES.
CHAPTER IX THE COST OF TILES—TILE MACHINES.
TILE MACHINES.
SALISBURY'S TILE MACHINE.
TILE MACHINES.
SALISBURY'S TILE MACHINE.
CHAPTER X THE COST OF DRAINAGE.
COMPARATIVE COST OF TILE AND STONE DRAINS.
COMPARATIVE COST OF TILE AND STONE DRAINS.
CHAPTER XI DRAINING IMPLEMENTS.
SPADES AND SHOVELS.
DRAINING-PLOWS AND DITCH-DIGGERS.
PRATT'S DITCH DIGGER,
SPADES AND SHOVELS.
DRAINING-PLOWS AND DITCH-DIGGERS.
PRATT'S DITCH DIGGER,
CHAPTER XII PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS FOR OPENING DRAINS AND LAYING TILES.
CHAPTER XIII EFFECTS OF DRAINAGE UPON THE CONDITION OF THE SOIL.
AERATION BY DRAINS.
AERATION BY DRAINS.
CHAPTER XIV DRAINAGE ADAPTS THE SOIL TO GERMINATION AND VEGETATION.
CHAPTER XV TEMPERATURE AS AFFECTED BY DRAINAGE.
"RATIONALE OF DRAINING LAND EXPLAINED.
"RATIONALE OF DRAINING LAND EXPLAINED.
CHAPTER XVI. POWER OF SOILS TO ABSORB AND RETAIN MOISTURE.
OF DEW.
OF DEW.
CHAPTER XVII INJURY OF LAND BY DRAINAGE.
OVER-DRAINING OF PEATY SOILS.
OVER-DRAINING OF PEATY SOILS.
CHAPTER XVIII OBSTRUCTION OF DRAINS.
HOW TO DETECT OBSTRUCTIONS IN DRAINS.
HOW TO DETECT OBSTRUCTIONS IN DRAINS.
CHAPTER XIX DRAINAGE OF STIFF CLAYS.
CRACKING OF CLAYS BY DRYING.
PRESSURE OF WATER IN THE SOIL.
CRACKING OF CLAYS BY DRYING.
PRESSURE OF WATER IN THE SOIL.
CHAPTER XX EFFECT OF DRAINAGE ON STREAMS AND RIVERS.
CHAPTER XXI LEGISLATION—DRAINAGE COMPANIES.
COMPULSORY OUTFALLS.
LAND DRAINAGE COMPANIES.
COMPULSORY OUTFALLS.
LAND DRAINAGE COMPANIES.
CHAPTER XXII DRAINAGE OF CELLARS.
DRAINAGE OF BARN CELLARS.
DRAINAGE OF BARN CELLARS.
CHAPTER XXIII DRAINAGE OF SWAMPS.
CHAPTER XXIV AMERICAN EXPERIMENTS IN DRAINAGE—DRAINAGE IN IRELAND.
STATEMENT OF B. F. NOURSE, ESQ.
STATEMENT OF SHEDD AND EDSON.
STATEMENT OF HENRY F. FRENCH, OF EXETER, N. H.
LAND DRAINAGE—REPLIES TO QUERIES, ETC.
STATEMENT OF B. F. NOURSE, ESQ.
STATEMENT OF SHEDD AND EDSON.
STATEMENT OF HENRY F. FRENCH, OF EXETER, N. H.
LAND DRAINAGE—REPLIES TO QUERIES, ETC.
INDEX.
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