Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant.
Free
Description
Contents
Reviews
Language
English
ISBN
Unknown
Soap-Making Manual
A practical handbook on the raw materials, their manipulation, analysis and control in the modern soap plant.
By
E. G. Thomssen, Ph. D.
ILLUSTRATED
PREFATORY NOTE.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I
Raw Materials Used in Soap Making.
OILS AND FATS.
NATURE OF A FAT OR OIL USED IN SOAP MANUFACTURE.
SAPONIFICATION DEFINED.
FATS AND OILS USED IN SOAP MANUFACTURE.
FULLER'S EARTH PROCESS FOR BLEACHING TALLOW.
METHOD FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT OF COLOR.
VEGETABLE OILS.
CHROME BLEACHING OF PALM OIL.
AIR BLEACHING OF PALM OIL.
RANCIDITY OF OILS AND FATS.
PREVENTION OF RANCIDITY.
CHEMICAL CONSTANTS OF OILS AND FATS.
OIL HARDENING OR HYDROGENATING.
GREASE.
ROSIN (COLOPHONY, YELLOW ROSIN, RESINA).
ROSIN SAPONIFICATION.
NAPHTHENIC ACIDS.
ALKALIS.
CAUSTIC POTASH.
SODIUM CARBONATE (SODA ASH).
POTASSIUM CARBONATE.
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL USED IN SOAP MAKING.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER II
Construction and Equipment of a Soap Plant.
CHAPTER III
Classification of Soap-Making Methods.
COLD PROCESS.
CARBONATE SAPONIFICATION.
CHAPTER IV
Classification of Soaps.
LAUNDRY SOAP.
SEMI-BOILED LAUNDRY SOAPS.
SETTLED ROSIN SOAP.
CHIP SOAP.
COLD MADE CHIP SOAPS.
UNFILLED CHIP SOAP.
SOAP POWDERS.
LIGHT OR FLUFFY POWDERS.
Scouring Powders.
SCOURING SOAP.
FLOATING SOAP.
TOILET SOAP.
TALLOW BASE.
PALM BASE.
OLIVE OIL BASE (WHITE).
PALM AND OLIVE BASE.
CHEAPER TOILET SOAPS.
RUN AND GLUED UP SOAPS.
CURD SOAP.
COLD MADE TOILET SOAPS.
PERFUMING AND COLORING TOILET SOAPS.
COLORING SOAP.
MEDICINAL SOAPS.
SULPHUR SOAPS.
TAR SOAP.
SOAPS CONTAINING PHENOLS.
PEROXIDE SOAP.
MERCURY SOAPS.
LESS IMPORTANT MEDICINAL SOAPS.
CASTILE SOAP.
ESCHWEGER SOAP (BLUE MOTTLED).
Transparent Soap.
Cold Made Transparent Soap.
SHAVING SOAPS.
SHAVING POWDER.
SHAVING CREAM.
PUMICE OR SAND SOAPS.
LIQUID SOAPS.
USE OF HARDENED OILS IN TOILET SOAPS.
TEXTILE SOAPS.
SCOURING AND FULLING SOAPS FOR WOOL.
WOOL THROWER'S SOAP.
WORSTED FINISHING SOAPS.
SOAPS USED IN THE SILK INDUSTRY.
SOAPS USED FOR COTTON GOODS.
SULPHONATED OILS.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER V
Glycerine Recovery.
RECOVERY OF GLYCERINE FROM SPENT LYE.
TWITCHELL PROCESS.
AUTOCLAVE SAPONIFICATION.
LIME SAPONIFICATION.
ACID SAPONIFICATION.
AQUEOUS SAPONIFICATION.
SPLITTING FATS WITH FERMENTS.
KREBITZ PROCESS.
DISTILLATION OF FATTY ACIDS.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VI
Analytical Methods.
ANALYSIS OF FATS AND OILS.
DETERMINATION OF FREE FATTY ACIDS.
MOISTURE.
TITER.
DETERMINATION OF UNSAPONIFIABLE MATTER.
TEST FOR COLOR OF SOAP.
TESTING OF ALKALIS USED IN SOAP MAKING.
SOAP ANALYSIS.
MOISTURE.
FREE ALKALI OR ACID.
(a) Alcoholic Method.
(b) Bosshard and Huggenberg Method.[14]
Reagents.
MANIPULATION.
INSOLUBLE MATTER.
STARCH AND GELATINE.
TOTAL FATTY AND RESIN ACIDS.
DETERMINATION OF ROSIN.
TOTAL ALKALI.
UNSAPONIFIED MATTER.
SILICA AND SILICATES.
GLYCERINE IN SOAP.
SUGAR IN SOAP.
GLYCERINE ANALYSIS.
SAMPLING.
ANALYSIS.
ACETIN PROCESS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF GLYCEROL.
REAGENTS REQUIRED.
THE METHOD.
WAYS OF CALCULATING ACTUAL GLYCEROL CONTENT.
BICHROMATE PROCESS FOR GLYCEROL DETERMINATION. REAGENTS REQUIRED.
THE METHOD.
NOTES.
SAMPLING CRUDE GLYCERINE.
FOOTNOTES:
CHAPTER VII
Standard Methods for the Sampling and Analysis of Commercial Fats and Oils[22]
Scope, Applicability and Limitations of the Methods.
SCOPE.
APPLICABILITY.
LIMITATIONS.
Sampling.
TANK CARS.
BARRELS, TIERCES, CASKS, DRUMS, AND OTHER PACKAGES.
Analysis.
SAMPLE.
MOISTURE AND VOLATILE MATTER.
INSOLUBLE IMPURITIES.
SOLUBLE MINERAL MATTER.
FREE FATTY ACIDS.
TITER.
UNSAPONIFIABLE MATTER.
IODINE NUMBER—WIJS METHOD.
SAPONIFICATION NUMBER (KOETTSTORFER NUMBER).
MELTING POINT.
CLOUD TEST.
Notes on the Above Methods.
SAMPLING.
MOISTURE AND VOLATILE MATTER.
INSOLUBLE IMPURITIES.
SOLUBLE MINERAL MATTER.
FREE FATTY ACID.
TITER.
UNSAPONIFIABLE MATTER.
MELTING POINT.
FOOTNOTES:
PLANT AND MACHINERY
Illustrations of machinery and layouts of the plant of a modern soap-making establishment.
Appendix
Tables marked * are taken from the German Year Book for Soap Industry.
(U. S. BUREAU OF STANDARDS)
THE METRIC SYSTEM.
Length
Mass.
Capacity.
U.S. BUREAU OF STANDARDS TABLE OF METRIC EQUIVALENTS
Length.
Area.
Weight.
Volume.
Capacity.
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.
TROY (APOTHECARIES') WEIGHT (U. S.)
WINE (APOTHECARIES) LIQUID MEASURE (U. S.)
Physical and Chemical Constants of Fixed Oils and Fats.
(From Lewkowitsch and other authorities.)
Physical and Chemical Constants of Fixed Oils and Fats.
(From Lewkowitsch and other Authorities.)
*Temperature Correction Table for Hehner's Concentrated Bichromate Solution for Glycerine Analysis
*Table of Important Fatty Acids
*Comparison of Thermometer Scales
*Quantities of Alkali Required for Saponification of Fats of Average Molecular Weight 670
(Cocoanut Oil, Palmkernel Oil)
*Quantities of Alkali Required for Saponification of Fats of Average Molecular Weight 860
(Tallow, Cottonseed Oil, Olive Oil, Etc.)
DENSITY AND STRENGTH OF SULPHURIC ACID (SIDERSKY).
*Densities of Potassium Carbonate Solutions at 15 C (Gerlach)
*Constants of Certain Fatty Acids and Triglycerides
PERCENTAGES OF SOLID CAUSTIC SODA AND CAUSTIC POTASH IN CAUSTIC LYES ACCORDING TO BAUME SCALE.
GLYCERINE CONTENT OF MORE COMMON OILS AND FATS USED IN SOAP MAKING.
*Table of Specific Gravities of Pure Commercial Glycerine with Corresponding Percentage of Water. Temperature 15 C.
Table of Percentage, Specific Gravity and Beaume Degree of Pure Glycerine Solutions
*Table of Specific Gravities of Pure Glycerine Solutions with Corresponding Beaume Degree and Percent Water
INDEX
LITERATURE OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
The Soap-Maker's Book Shelf
The book hasn't received reviews yet.
