Discover Psychology 2.0 - A Brief Introductory Text
Robert Biswas-Diener (editor)
Discover Psychology 2.0 - A Brief Introductory Text
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Scientific research has been one of the great drivers of progress in human history, and the dramatic changes we have seen during the past century are due primarily to scientific findings—modern medicine, electronics, automobiles and jets, birth control, and a host of other helpful inventions. Psychologists believe that scientific methods can be used in the behavioral domain to understand and improve the world. Although psychology trails the biological and physical sciences in terms of progress, we are optimistic based on discoveries to date that scientific psychology will make many important discoveries that can benefit humanity. This module outlines the characteristics of the science, and the promises it holds for understanding behavior. The ethics that guide psychological research are briefly described. It concludes with the reasons you should learn about scientific psychology.

This textbook presents core concepts common to introductory courses. The 15 units cover the traditional areas of intro-to-psychology; ranging from biological aspects of psychology to psychological disorders to social psychology. This book can be modified: feel free to add or remove modules to better suit your specific needs.

Read online at the Noba Project or get low-cost print copies.

Language
English
ISBN
Unknown
Cover
Copyright
About Noba
Acknowledgements
Introduction to Psychology as a Science
1. Why Science?
Learning Objectives
Scientific Advances and World Progress
What Is Science?
Psychology as a Science
Psychological Science is Useful
Ethics of Scientific Psychology
Why Learn About Scientific Psychology?
Conclusions
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Research in Psychology
2. Research Designs
Learning Objectives
Research Designs
Experimental Research
Other considerations
Correlational Designs
More details about the correlation
Problems with the correlation
Qualitative Designs
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Longitudinal Studies
Surveys
Tradeoffs in Research
Research Methods: Why You Need Them
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
3. Conducting Psychology Research in the Real World
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Rationale for Conducting Psychology Research in the Real World
An Overview of Research Methods for Studying Daily Life
Studying Daily Experiences
Studying Daily Behavior
Studying Daily Physiology
Studying Online Behavior
“Smartphone Psychology”?
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Biology as the Basis of Behavior
4. The Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objectives
 Nervous System development across the human lifespan
 The Central Nervous System (CNS): The Neurons inside the Brain
 The Central Nervous System: Looking at the Brain as a Whole
The Peripheral Nervous System
How we study the brain
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
5. Evolutionary Theories in Psychology
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Basics of Evolutionary Theory
Sexual Selection Theory
Gene Selection Theory
Evolutionary Psychology
Sexual Strategies Theory
Error Management Theory
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
6. The Nature-Nurture Question
Learning Objectives
Introduction
What Have We Learned About Nature–Nurture?
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
7. Gender
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Gender Differences
Gender Roles
Gender Sexism and Socialization
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Developmental Psychology
8. Cognitive Development in Childhood
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Nature and Nurture
Does Cognitive Development Progress Through Distinct Stages?
Applications to Education
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
9. Social and Personality Development in Childhood
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Relationships
Peer Relationships
Social Understanding
Personality
Social and Emotional Competence
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
10. Aging
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Overview: Life Span and Life Course Perspectives on Aging
Cognitive Aging
Personality and Self-Related Processes
Social Relationships
Emotion and Well-being
Successful Aging and Longevity
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Sensation and Perception
11. Sensation and Perception
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Vision
How vision works
Dark and light adaptation
Color vision
Hearing (Audition)
Balance and the vestibular system
Touch
Tactile sensation
Pain
Phantom limbs
Smell and Taste: The Chemical Senses
Olfaction (smell)
Gustation (taste)
Putting it all Together: Multimodal Perception
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Consciousness
12. States of Consciousness
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Levels of Awareness
Low Awareness
High Awareness
Other States of Consciousness
Hypnosis
Sleep
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens
Depressants
Stimulants
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Learning
13. Conditioning and Learning
Learning Objectives
Two Types of Conditioning
Useful Things to Know about Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning Has Many Effects on Behavior
The Learning Process
Erasing Classical Learning
Useful Things to Know about Instrumental Conditioning
Instrumental Responses Come Under Stimulus Control
Operant Conditioning Involves Choice
Cognition in Instrumental Learning
Putting Classical and Instrumental Conditioning Together
Observational Learning
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Memory
14. Memory (Encoding, Storage, Retrieval)
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Varieties of Memory
Three Stages of the Learning/Memory Process
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Putting It All Together: Improving Your Memory
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
15. Eyewitness Testimony and Memory Biases
Learning Objectives
What Is Eyewitness Testimony?
Why Is Eyewitness Testimony an Important Area of Psychological Research?
Misinformation
Identifying Perpetrators
Kinds of Memory Biases
False Memory
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Cognition, Language and Intelligence
16. Judgment and Decision Making
Learning Objectives
Introduction
What Would a Rational Decision Look Like?
Biases in Our Decision Process
Problem 1 (adapted from Alpert & Raiffa, 1969):
Problem 2 (adapted from Joyce & Biddle, 1981):
Problem 3 (adapted from Tversky & Kahneman, 1981):
Overconfidence
Anchoring
Framing
Contemporary Developments
Fixing Our Decisions
Concluding Thoughts
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
17. Language and Language Use
Learning Objectives
Introduction
How Do We Use Language?
What Do We Talk About?
Psychological Consequences of Language Use
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
18. Intelligence
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Defining and Measuring Intelligence
Types of Intelligence
Correlates of Intelligence
Conclusion
Vocabulary
References
Emotion and Motivation
19. Drive States
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Key Properties of Drive States
Homeostasis
The Narrowing of Attention
Two Illustrative Drive States
Hunger
Sexual Arousal
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
20. Culture and Emotion
Learning Objectives
Historical Background
Current and Research Theory
Cultural Models of Self in North American and East Asian Contexts
Cultural Similarities and Differences in Emotion: Comparisons of North American and East Asian Contexts
People’s Physiological Responses to Emotional Events Are Similar Across Cultures, but Culture Influences People’s Facial Expressive Behavior
People Suppress Their Emotions Across Cultures, but Culture Influences the Consequences of Suppression for Psychological Well-Being
People Feel Good During Positive Events, but Culture Influences Whether People Feel Bad During Positive Events
People Want to Feel Good Across Cultures, but Culture Influences the Specific Good States People Want to Feel (Their “Ideal Affect”)
People Base Their Happiness on Similar Factors Across Cultures, but Culture Influences the Weight Placed on Each Factor
Why Do Cultural Similarities And Differences In Emotion Matter?
Current Directions In Culture And Emotion Research
What About Other Cultures?
How Are Cultural Differences in Beliefs About Emotion Transmitted?
Could These Cultural Differences Be Due to Temperament?
Summary
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
21. Motives and Goals
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Origins and Manifestation of Goals
Goal Adoption
Goal Priming
Consequences of Goal Activation
Self-Regulation in Goal Pursuit
From Deliberation to Implementation
Regulation of Ought- and Ideals-Goals
A Cybernetic Process of Self-Regulation
Highlighting One Goal or Balancing Between Goals
Conflicting Goals and Self-Control
Self-Control as an Innate Ability
Self-Control as a Limited Resource
A Prerequisite to Self-Control: Identification
Self-Control Processes: Counteracting Temptation
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Personality
22. Personality Traits
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Five-Factor Model of Personality
Facets of Traits (Subtraits)
Other Traits Beyond the Five-Factor Model
The Person-Situation Debate and Alternatives to the Trait Perspective
Appendix
The Mini-IPIP Scale
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
23. Personality Assessment
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Objective Tests
Definition
Basic Types of Objective Tests
Self-report measures
Informant ratings
Other Ways of Classifying Objective Tests
Comprehensiveness
Breadth of the target characteristics
Projective and Implicit Tests
Projective Tests
Implicit Tests
Behavioral and Performance Measures
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
24. Self and Identity
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Social Actor
The Motivated Agent
The Autobiographical Author
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Psychological Disorders
25. Anxiety and Related Disorders
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Specific Phobia
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Treatments for Anxiety and Related Disorders
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
26. Mood Disorders
Learning Objectives
What Are Mood Disorders?
Mood Episodes
Mood Disorders
How Common Are Mood Disorders? Who Develops Mood Disorders?
Depressive Disorders
Bipolar Disorders
What Are Some of the Factors Implicated in the Development and Course of Mood Disorders?
Depressive Disorders
Bipolar Disorders
What Are Some of the Well-Supported Treatments for Mood Disorders?
Depressive Disorders
Bipolar Disorders
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
27. Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Learning Objectives
The phenomenology of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Schizophrenia
Risk Factors for Developing Schizophrenia
Treatment of Schizophrenia
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
28. Personality Disorders
Learning Objectives
Introduction
DSM-5 Personality Disorders
Description
Validity
Treatment
Conclusions
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Therapies
29. Therapeutic Orientations
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapy
History of Psychoanalytic Therapy
Techniques in Psychoanalysis
Advantages and Disadvantages of Psychoanalytic Therapy
Humanistic and Person-Centered Therapy
History of Person-Centered Therapy
Techniques in Person-Centered Therapy
Advantages and Disadvantages of Person-Centered Therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
History of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Techniques in CBT
Advantages and Disadvantages of CBT
Acceptance and Mindfulness-Based Approaches
Techniques in Mindfulness-Based Therapy
Advantages and Disadvantages of Mindfulness-Based Therapy
Emerging Treatment Strategies
Pharmacological Treatments
Integrative and Eclectic Psychotherapy
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
30. Psychopharmacology
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Pharmacokinetics: What Is It – Why Is It Important?
Drug Administration
Drug Metabolism
Recent Issues Related to Psychotropic Drugs and Metabolism
Grapefruit Juice and Metabolism
Individualized Therapy, Metabolic Differences, and Potential Prescribing Approaches for the Future
Other Controversial Issues
Juveniles and Psychopharmacology
The Elderly and Psychopharmacology
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Social Psychology
31. Social Cognition and Attitudes
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Simplifying Our Social World
Making Predictions About the Social World
Hot Cognition: The Influence of Motivations, Mood, and Desires on Social Judgment
Automaticity
Attitudes and Attitude Measurement
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
32. Conformity and Obedience
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Conformity
Obedience
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
33. Persuasion: So Easily Fooled
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Two Paths to Persuasion
Triggers and Fixed Action Patterns
The Source of Persuasion: The Triad of Trustworthiness
Authority
Honesty
Likability
Manipulating the Perception of Trustworthiness
Testimonials and Endorsement
Presenting the Message as Education
Word of Mouth
The Maven
Other Tricks of Persuasion
Reciprocity
Social Proof
Commitment and Consistency
A Door in the Face
And That’s Not All!
The Sunk Cost Trap
Scarcity and Psychological Reactance
Defending Against Unwelcome Persuasion
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
34. Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Old-fashioned Biases: Almost Gone
Social Dominance Orientation
Right-wing Authoritarianism
20th Century Biases: Subtle but Significant
Automatic Biases
Ambiguous Biases
Bias Can Be Complicated - Ambivalent Biases
Conclusion: 21st Century Prejudices
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Psychological Health
35. Happiness: The Science of Subjective Well-Being
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Types of Happiness
Causes of Subjective Well-Being
Societal Influences on Happiness
Money and Happiness
Adaptation to Circumstances
Outcomes of High Subjective Well-Being
Measuring Happiness
Some Ways to Be Happier
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
36. The Healthy Life
Contents
Learning Objectives
What Is Health Psychology?
Stress And Health
Protecting Our Health
Coping Strategies
Control and Self-Efficacy
Social Relationships
Dispositions and Emotions: What’s Risky and What’s Protective?
Stress Management
The Importance Of Good Health Practices
Psychology And Medicine
Being A Health Psychologist
The Future Of Health Psychology
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Index
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