Ontario Teachers' Manuals: Nature Study
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ONTARIO TEACHERS' MANUALS
NATURE STUDY
AUTHORIZED BY THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION
CONTENTS
PREFATORY NOTE
PUBLIC AND SEPARATE SCHOOL
COURSE OF STUDY
DETAILS
DETAILS
FORM I
AUTUMN
WINTER
SPRING
AUTUMN
WINTER
SPRING
FORM II
AUTUMN
WINTER
SPRING
AUTUMN
WINTER
SPRING
FORM III
AUTUMN
WINTER
SPRING
AUTUMN
WINTER
SPRING
FORM IV
AUTUMN
WINTER
SPRING
AUTUMN
WINTER
SPRING
NATURE STUDY
CHAPTER I
THE AIMS OF NATURE STUDY
GENERAL METHODS IN NATURE STUDY
CONCRETE MATERIAL
TOPICS AND MATERIAL MUST SUIT THE SEASON
MATTER MUST BE SUITED TO THE CHILD
USE OF THE COMMONPLACE
ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE LESSON
PROBLEMS IN OBSERVATION
NOTE-BOOKS AND RECORDS
CONCRETE MATERIAL
TOPICS AND MATERIAL MUST SUIT THE SEASON
MATTER MUST BE SUITED TO THE CHILD
USE OF THE COMMONPLACE
ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE LESSON
PROBLEMS IN OBSERVATION
NOTE-BOOKS AND RECORDS
THE SCHOOL GARDEN
SUGGESTIONS
GARDEN EXPENSES
SUGGESTIONS
GARDEN EXPENSES
THE EXCURSION
SHORT EXCURSIONS
FREQUENCY OF EXCURSIONS
EXCURSIONS TO A DISTANCE
SUGGESTIONS FOR UNGRADED SCHOOLS
THE TEACHER'S EXCURSIONS
A TYPE EXCURSION
COLLECTIONS
SHORT EXCURSIONS
FREQUENCY OF EXCURSIONS
EXCURSIONS TO A DISTANCE
SUGGESTIONS FOR UNGRADED SCHOOLS
THE TEACHER'S EXCURSIONS
A TYPE EXCURSION
COLLECTIONS
ANIMAL STUDIES
DOMESTIC ANIMALS
REFERENCES
DOMESTIC ANIMALS
REFERENCES
BIRDS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
INSECTS
INSECT COLLECTIONS
BUTTERFLY AND MOTH COLLECTIONS
INSECT COLLECTIONS
BUTTERFLY AND MOTH COLLECTIONS
PLANT COLLECTIONS
CHAPTER II
PHYSICAL SCIENCE PHASE OF NATURE STUDY
INSTRUCTIONS AND GENERAL METHOD
VALUE OF SUCH LESSONS
CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH EXPERIMENTS SHOULD BE PERFORMED
CORRELATIONS OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE PHASE
VALUE OF SUCH LESSONS
CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH EXPERIMENTS SHOULD BE PERFORMED
CORRELATIONS OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE PHASE
LIST OF REFERENCE BOOKS AND BULLETINS
GARDEN AND PLANT STUDY
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
ANIMAL STUDY
GARDEN AND PLANT STUDY
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
ANIMAL STUDY
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
FORMS III AND IV
DESIRABLE APPARATUS
CHEMICALS
CHEMICALS
GRENET CELLS
DECOMPOSITION APPARATUS
PNEUMATIC TROUGH
SPIRIT-LAMP
BAROMETER
HYGROMETER
HINTS
FORMS III AND IV
DESIRABLE APPARATUS
CHEMICALS
CHEMICALS
GRENET CELLS
DECOMPOSITION APPARATUS
PNEUMATIC TROUGH
SPIRIT-LAMP
BAROMETER
HYGROMETER
HINTS
TIME APPORTIONED TO NATURE STUDY
CHAPTER III
FORM I
AUTUMN
AUTUMN
GARDEN WORK
LESSONS ON A GARDEN PLANT
PANSY
LESSON I
LESSON II
OBSERVATION EXERCISES ON THE DANDELION
FIRST EXERCISE
SECOND EXERCISE
THIRD EXERCISE
CORRELATION WITH LITERATURE AND READING
DWARF NASTURTIUM
PANSY
LESSON I
LESSON II
OBSERVATION EXERCISES ON THE DANDELION
FIRST EXERCISE
SECOND EXERCISE
THIRD EXERCISE
CORRELATION WITH LITERATURE AND READING
DWARF NASTURTIUM
SEEDS
FIELD EXERCISE
CLASS-ROOM LESSON BASED ON THIS COLLECTION
SEED DISPERSAL
LESSON ON SEEDS THAT FLY
CORRELATIONS
FIELD EXERCISE
CLASS-ROOM LESSON BASED ON THIS COLLECTION
SEED DISPERSAL
LESSON ON SEEDS THAT FLY
CORRELATIONS
TWIGS AND BUDS
LESSON ON TWIGS
FURTHER STUDY OF TWIGS
REVIEW LESSON
LESSON ON BUDS
REVIEW LESSON
CORRELATIONS
LESSON ON TWIGS
FURTHER STUDY OF TWIGS
REVIEW LESSON
LESSON ON BUDS
REVIEW LESSON
CORRELATIONS
LEAVES
FIELD EXERCISES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON ON LEAVES
FIELD EXERCISES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON ON LEAVES
GARDEN STUDIES
STUDIES IN THE PUPIL'S INDIVIDUAL PLOT
STUDIES FROM THE GARDEN AS A WHOLE
STUDIES IN THE PUPIL'S INDIVIDUAL PLOT
STUDIES FROM THE GARDEN AS A WHOLE
BULB PLANTING
LESSON ON BULBS AND BULB PLANTING
PLANTING THE BULB
LESSON ON BULBS AND BULB PLANTING
PLANTING THE BULB
CHAPTER IV
FORM I
WINTER
WINTER
LESSONS ON A PET ANIMAL: THE RABBIT
I
II
III
CORRELATIONS
THE DOMESTIC CAT
DETAILED STUDY
THE PIGEON
MORE DETAILED STUDY FOR CLASS WORK
I
II
III
CORRELATIONS
THE DOMESTIC CAT
DETAILED STUDY
THE PIGEON
MORE DETAILED STUDY FOR CLASS WORK
OBSERVATION AND CARE OF WINTER-BLOOMING PLANTS
TREES
PINES OF THE LOCALITY
THE WHITE PINE
FIELD EXERCISES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
ELM
FIELD EXERCISE
PINES OF THE LOCALITY
THE WHITE PINE
FIELD EXERCISES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
ELM
FIELD EXERCISE
DOMESTIC ANIMALS
THE HORSE
I
II
CORRELATIONS
THE HORSE
I
II
CORRELATIONS
DOMESTIC BIRDS
THE DUCK
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
THE DUCK
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
CHAPTER V
FORM I
SPRING
SPRING
GARDEN WORK
GARDEN STUDIES
WINDOW GARDEN
GARDEN STUDIES
WINDOW GARDEN
WILD FLOWERS
RECOGNITION OF WILD FLOWERS
LESSON IN OUTLINE
BLOODROOT
CORRELATIONS
RECOGNITION OF WILD FLOWERS
LESSON IN OUTLINE
BLOODROOT
CORRELATIONS
INSECT STUDY
CECROPIA, OR EMPEROR-MOTH
DRAGON-FLY
OTHER CONSPICUOUS INSECTS
CECROPIA, OR EMPEROR-MOTH
DRAGON-FLY
OTHER CONSPICUOUS INSECTS
BIRDS
THE ROBIN
FIELD EXERCISES
I
II
III
THE NEST, EGGS, AND YOUNG
THE SONG-SPARROW
FIELD EXERCISES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
THE ROBIN
FIELD EXERCISES
I
II
III
THE NEST, EGGS, AND YOUNG
THE SONG-SPARROW
FIELD EXERCISES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
THE SHEEP
PROBLEMS FOR FIELD WORK
PROBLEMS FOR FIELD WORK
CHAPTER VI
FORM II
AUTUMN
AUTUMN
BULB PLANTING OUT-OF-DOORS
BEDS FOR GROWING BULBS
PLANTING OF BULBS INDOORS
BEDS FOR GROWING BULBS
PLANTING OF BULBS INDOORS
GARDEN WORK
(See Autumn work for Form I.)
SEED SELECTION
STORING SEEDS
HARVESTING AND STORING OF GARDEN CROPS
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
FALL CULTIVATION
(See Autumn work for Form I.)
SEED SELECTION
STORING SEEDS
HARVESTING AND STORING OF GARDEN CROPS
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
FALL CULTIVATION
GARDEN STUDIES
GARDEN RECORDS.
CORRELATIONS
GARDEN RECORDS.
CORRELATIONS
CLIMBING PLANTS
TREES
STORING OF TREE SEEDS
STORING OF TREE SEEDS
A FLOWER
TYPE: NASTURTIUM
I
II
TYPE: NASTURTIUM
I
II
SOIL STUDIES
KINDS OF SOIL
KINDS OF SOIL
ANIMAL STUDIES
BIRD MIGRATION
CORRELATIONS
COMMON WILD ANIMALS
GENERAL METHOD FOR FIELD WORK
THE WOOD-CHUCK
THE CHIPMUNK
FIELD EXERCISES
EASTERN SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY
BIRD MIGRATION
CORRELATIONS
COMMON WILD ANIMALS
GENERAL METHOD FOR FIELD WORK
THE WOOD-CHUCK
THE CHIPMUNK
FIELD EXERCISES
EASTERN SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY
CHAPTER VII
FORM II
WINTER
WINTER
CARE OF PLANTS IN THE HOME
TREES
COLLECTION OF WOOD SPECIMENS
COLLECTION OF WOOD SPECIMENS
RELATED READING
THE DOG
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
OBSERVATION EXERCISES
CORRELATIONS
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
OBSERVATION EXERCISES
CORRELATIONS
LESSONS INVOLVING COMPARISON
CAT AND DOG
EXPERIMENTS FOR ASSISTING IN THE STUDY OF THE CAT
COMPARISON OF THE HORSE AND COW
CAT AND DOG
EXPERIMENTS FOR ASSISTING IN THE STUDY OF THE CAT
COMPARISON OF THE HORSE AND COW
THE SQUIRREL
FIELD EXERCISES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
FIELD EXERCISES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
WINTER BIRDS
FIELD EXERCISES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
CORRELATIONS
FIELD EXERCISES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
CORRELATIONS
ANIMALS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
CHAPTER VIII
FORM II
SPRING
SPRING
GARDEN WORK
COMBATING GARDEN PESTS
CUTWORMS
ROOT MAGGOTS
FLEA-BEETLES
SEED GERMINATION
COMBATING GARDEN PESTS
CUTWORMS
ROOT MAGGOTS
FLEA-BEETLES
SEED GERMINATION
PLANTS FOR INDIVIDUAL PLOTS
STUDIES BASED ON OBSERVATIONS OF GROWING PLANTS
PLANTING AND CARE OF SWEET-PEAS
STUDIES BASED ON OBSERVATIONS OF GROWING PLANTS
PLANTING AND CARE OF SWEET-PEAS
WILD FLOWERS
WEEDS
THE APPLE TREE
FIELD EXERCISE
CLASS-ROOM LESSON ON THE APPLE TREE
FIELD EXERCISE FOLLOWING CLASS-ROOM LESSON
CLASS-ROOM LESSON ON THE APPLE TREE
FIELD EXERCISE FOLLOWING CLASS-ROOM LESSON
BIRD STUDY
THE TOAD
FIELD EXERCISES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
DETAILED STUDY
LIFE HISTORY OF THE TOAD
FIELD EXERCISES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
DETAILED STUDY
LIFE HISTORY OF THE TOAD
THE EARTHWORM
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
REFERENCES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
REFERENCES
THE AQUARIUM
AQUARIUM SPECIMENS
MOSQUITO
STUDY OF THE ADULT FORM
THE DEVELOPMENT
REFERENCES
CADDICE-FLY
MOSQUITO
STUDY OF THE ADULT FORM
THE DEVELOPMENT
REFERENCES
CADDICE-FLY
INSECTS SUITABLE FOR LESSONS IN FORM II
CHAPTER IX
FORM III
AUTUMN
AUTUMN
GARDEN WORK
TREATMENT OF FUNGI
TREATMENT OF INSECTS
CABBAGE-WORM
TREATMENT OF INSECTS
CABBAGE-WORM
PLANTS
ANNUALS, BIENNIALS, AND PERENNIALS
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
GARDEN STUDIES
ANNUALS
BIENNIALS
PERENNIALS
SPECIAL STUDY OF GARDEN PLANTS
SWEET-PEA
PUMPKIN
CORN
CORRELATIONS
ANNUALS, BIENNIALS, AND PERENNIALS
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
GARDEN STUDIES
ANNUALS
BIENNIALS
PERENNIALS
SPECIAL STUDY OF GARDEN PLANTS
SWEET-PEA
PUMPKIN
CORN
CORRELATIONS
SEED DISPERSAL
I. LESSON
DETAILED STUDY OF SEED DISPERSAL
II. CLASS-ROOM LESSON
SEED COLLECTIONS
MAN AS A DISPERSER OF SEEDS
I. LESSON
DETAILED STUDY OF SEED DISPERSAL
II. CLASS-ROOM LESSON
SEED COLLECTIONS
MAN AS A DISPERSER OF SEEDS
THE SUGAR MAPLE
FIELD EXERCISES
MAPLE LEAVES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
CORRELATIONS
FIELD EXERCISES
MAPLE LEAVES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
CORRELATIONS
WEED STUDIES
OBSERVATION LESSON ON WEED SEEDS
NAME OF SEED
SEED OF OX-EYE DAISY
OBSERVATION LESSON ON WEED SEEDS
NAME OF SEED
SEED OF OX-EYE DAISY
GRASSHOPPER
FIELD EXERCISES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
FIELD EXERCISES
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
APHIDES
TOMATO WORM
THE ADULT
THE CHRYSALIS
THE ADULT
THE CHRYSALIS
THE CROW
CORRELATIONS
CORRELATIONS
CHAPTER X
FORM III
WINTER
WINTER
CARE OF PLANTS IN THE HOME
PLANT CUTTINGS
SELECTION OF CUTTINGS
POTTING OF ROOTED CUTTINGS
PLANT CUTTINGS
SELECTION OF CUTTINGS
POTTING OF ROOTED CUTTINGS
EVERGREENS
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
COLLECTION OF WOOD SPECIMENS
RELATED READING
RELATED READING
HOW ANIMALS PREPARE FOR WINTER
SUMMARY OF LESSONS
CORRELATIONS
SUMMARY OF LESSONS
CORRELATIONS
CHICKENS
CONVERSATION LESSON
ARITHMETIC LESSON BASED ON THE CHICKEN CENSUS
CARE OF CHICKENS
CARE AND FOOD OF CHICKENS
CONVERSATION LESSON
ARITHMETIC LESSON BASED ON THE CHICKEN CENSUS
CARE OF CHICKENS
CARE AND FOOD OF CHICKENS
PHYSICAL SCIENCE PHASE OF NATURE STUDY
SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND GASES
CHANGE OF STATE
EXPANSION OF SOLIDS
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION
EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS
APPLICATIONS
THE THERMOMETER
EXPANSION OF AIR
SOURCES OF HEAT AND LIGHT
NOTES FOR A SERIES OF LESSONS
CONDUCTION
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
CONVECTION
PROBLEMS
CONVECTION IN GASES
APPLICATIONS
RADIATION OF HEAT
PROBLEMS
CHANGE OF STATE
EXPANSION OF SOLIDS
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION
EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS
APPLICATIONS
THE THERMOMETER
EXPANSION OF AIR
SOURCES OF HEAT AND LIGHT
NOTES FOR A SERIES OF LESSONS
CONDUCTION
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
CONVECTION
PROBLEMS
CONVECTION IN GASES
APPLICATIONS
RADIATION OF HEAT
PROBLEMS
CHAPTER XI
FORM III
SPRING
SPRING
WINDOW BOXES
WINDOW GARDENS
SUITABLE PLANTS
FERTILIZER
FERTILIZER
SOIL STUDIES
EXERCISES AND EXPERIMENTS
SOIL CONSTITUENTS
WATER IN SOILS
DRAINAGE
EXERCISES AND EXPERIMENTS
SOIL CONSTITUENTS
WATER IN SOILS
DRAINAGE
GARDEN WORK
TREE SEEDS
TRANSPLANTING
TRANSPLANTING FLOWERS AND VEGETABLES
TRANSPLANTING TREE SEEDLINGS
BUDDING
CUTTINGS
LEAF CUTTINGS
ROOT CUTTINGS
LAYERING
PLANTING AND CARE OF HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS
GARDEN STUDIES
BIENNIALS
TREE SEEDS
TRANSPLANTING
TRANSPLANTING FLOWERS AND VEGETABLES
TRANSPLANTING TREE SEEDLINGS
BUDDING
CUTTINGS
LEAF CUTTINGS
ROOT CUTTINGS
LAYERING
PLANTING AND CARE OF HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS
GARDEN STUDIES
BIENNIALS
WILD FLOWERS
STUDY OF THE TRILLIUM
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
STUDY OF THE TRILLIUM
CLASS-ROOM LESSON
ADAPTATIONS OF ANIMALS
BIRD TYPES
WOODPECKERS
THE DOWNY WOODPECKER
OBSERVATIONS
I
II
FLYCATCHERS
WRENS
WOODPECKERS
THE DOWNY WOODPECKER
OBSERVATIONS
I
II
FLYCATCHERS
WRENS
CABBAGE-BUTTERFLY
THE TUSSOCK-MOTH
POTATO BEETLE
REFERENCES
THE TUSSOCK-MOTH
POTATO BEETLE
REFERENCES
FISH
OBSERVATIONS
I
II
PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
OBSERVATIONS
I
II
PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER XII
FORM IV
AUTUMN
AUTUMN
GARDEN WORK
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS FROM SEED
HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS FROM SEED
DECIDUOUS TREES
REFERENCES
TREES IN RELATION TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT
REFERENCES
TREES IN RELATION TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT
FRUITS
EXCURSION TO A WELL-KEPT ORCHARD
SMALL FRUITS
EXCURSION TO A WELL-KEPT ORCHARD
SMALL FRUITS
AUTUMN WILD FLOWERS
MILKWEED
CORRELATIONS
MILKWEED
CORRELATIONS
TREES
THE WHITE PINE
OUTLINE OF A CLASS-ROOM LESSON ON THE WHITE PINE
CORRELATIONS
REFERENCES
THE WHITE PINE
OUTLINE OF A CLASS-ROOM LESSON ON THE WHITE PINE
CORRELATIONS
REFERENCES
COMPARATIVE LESSON ON VARIETIES OF WINTER APPLES
KING, BALDWIN, NORTHERN SPY
CODLING MOTH
REFERENCES
KING, BALDWIN, NORTHERN SPY
CODLING MOTH
REFERENCES
SOME COMMON ANIMAL FORMS
REFERENCES
CENTIPEDS AND MILLIPEDS
SALAMANDERS, OR NEWTS
SPIDERS
REFERENCES
CENTIPEDS AND MILLIPEDS
SALAMANDERS, OR NEWTS
SPIDERS
BIRD STUDIES
CHAPTER XIII
FORM IV
WINTER
WINTER
FOREST TREES
EVERGREENS
WOOD SPECIMENS
EVERGREENS
WOOD SPECIMENS
FRUITS
WEEDS AND WEED SEEDS
PHYSICAL SCIENCE PHASE OF NATURE STUDY
WATER PRESSURE
EXERCISES
STUDY OF AIR
THE BAROMETER
THE COMMON PUMP
EXPANSIVE FORCE OF AIR
COMPOSITION OF AIR
OXYGEN
CARBON DIOXIDE
IMPURITIES OF AIR
SOLUTIONS OF SOLIDS
SOLUTION OF LIQUIDS
SOLUTION OF GASES
LIMESTONE
CARBON
HYDROGEN
MAGNETS
ELECTRICITY
STEAM
FARM TOOLS
MACHINES
PROBLEMS
WATER PRESSURE
EXERCISES
STUDY OF AIR
THE BAROMETER
THE COMMON PUMP
EXPANSIVE FORCE OF AIR
COMPOSITION OF AIR
OXYGEN
CARBON DIOXIDE
IMPURITIES OF AIR
SOLUTIONS OF SOLIDS
SOLUTION OF LIQUIDS
SOLUTION OF GASES
LIMESTONE
CARBON
HYDROGEN
MAGNETS
ELECTRICITY
STEAM
FARM TOOLS
MACHINES
PROBLEMS
CHAPTER XIV
FORM IV
SPRING
SPRING
METHODS OF IMPROVING HOME AND SCHOOL GROUNDS
MAKING AND CARE OF A LAWN
REFERENCES
MAKING AND CARE OF A LAWN
REFERENCES
SOIL STUDIES
WEIGHT
SUBSOILS
FERTILIZERS
SOIL-FORMING AGENTS
TILLING THE SOIL
GARDEN WORK
EXPERIMENTS IN PLOTS OUT-OF-DOORS
FUNCTION OF PARTS OF PLANTS
HOW THE PLANT GETS ITS FOOD FROM THE SOIL
GERMINATION OF SOME OF THE COMMON GRAINS
WEEDS
VINES
WILD FLOWERS
PLANTING OF TREES, SHRUBS, AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS IN HOME AND SCHOOL GROUNDS
SHADE TREES
TRANSPLANTING
WEIGHT
SUBSOILS
FERTILIZERS
SOIL-FORMING AGENTS
TILLING THE SOIL
GARDEN WORK
EXPERIMENTS IN PLOTS OUT-OF-DOORS
FUNCTION OF PARTS OF PLANTS
HOW THE PLANT GETS ITS FOOD FROM THE SOIL
GERMINATION OF SOME OF THE COMMON GRAINS
WEEDS
VINES
WILD FLOWERS
PLANTING OF TREES, SHRUBS, AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS IN HOME AND SCHOOL GROUNDS
SHADE TREES
TRANSPLANTING
ANIMAL STUDIES
SCALE INSECTS
SAN JOSÉ SCALE
OYSTER-SHELL BARK-LOUSE
CUTWORMS
WHITE GRUBS
CRAYFISH
FRESHWATER MUSSEL
SCALE INSECTS
SAN JOSÉ SCALE
OYSTER-SHELL BARK-LOUSE
CUTWORMS
WHITE GRUBS
CRAYFISH
FRESHWATER MUSSEL
BIRD STUDY
DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF NATURE STUDY
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THESE ASPECTS
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THESE ASPECTS
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