General Psychology: An Introduction
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GALILEO, University System of Georgia
GALILEO Open Learning Materials
Spring 2015
General Psychology: An Introduction
Tori Kearns
Deborah Lee
Recommended Citation
Cover
Copyright
About Noba
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: The Origins of Psychology
1. History of Psychology
Learning Objectives
Introduction
A Prehistory of Psychology
Physiology and Psychophysics
Scientific Psychology Comes to the United States
Toward a Functional Psychology
The Growth of Psychology
Applied Psychology in America
Psychology as a Profession
Psychology and Society
Conclusion
Timeline
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Chapter 2: The Methods of Psychology
2. Research Designs
Learning Objectives
Research Designs
Experimental Research
Other considerations
Correlational Designs
More details about the correlation
Problems with the correlation
Qualitative Designs
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Longitudinal Studies
Surveys
Tradeoffs in Research
Research Methods: Why You Need Them
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Chapter 3: Biological Psychology
3. The Brain and Nervous System
Learning Objectives
Nervous System development across the human lifespan
The Central Nervous System (CNS): The Neurons inside the Brain
The Central Nervous System: Looking at the Brain as a Whole
The Peripheral Nervous System
How we study the brain
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
4. Hormones & Behavior
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Sex Differences
Aggressive Behaviors
Parental Behaviors
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Chapter 4: Sensation & Perception
5. Sensation and Perception
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Vision
How vision works
Dark and light adaptation
Color vision
Hearing (Audition)
Balance and the vestibular system
Touch
Tactile sensation
Pain
Phantom limbs
Smell and Taste: The Chemical Senses
Olfaction (smell)
Gustation (taste)
Putting it all Together: Multimodal Perception
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Chapter 5: Learning & Behavior
6. Conditioning and Learning
Learning Objectives
Two Types of Conditioning
Useful Things to Know about Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning Has Many Effects on Behavior
The Learning Process
Erasing Classical Learning
Useful Things to Know about Instrumental Conditioning
Instrumental Responses Come Under Stimulus Control
Operant Conditioning Involves Choice
Cognition in Instrumental Learning
Putting Classical and Instrumental Conditioning Together
Observational Learning
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Chapter 6: States of Consciousness
7. States of Consciousness
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Levels of Awareness
Low Awareness
High Awareness
Other States of Consciousness
Hypnosis
Sleep
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens
Depressants
Stimulants
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Chapter 7: Memory
8. Memory (Encoding, Storage, Retrieval)
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Varieties of Memory
Three Stages of the Learning/Memory Process
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Putting It All Together: Improving Your Memory
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
9. Eyewitness Testimony and Memory Biases
Learning Objectives
What Is Eyewitness Testimony?
Why Is Eyewitness Testimony an Important Area of Psychological Research?
Misinformation
Identifying Perpetrators
Kinds of Memory Biases
False Memory
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
10. Failures of Awareness: The Case of Inattentional Blindness
Learning Objectives
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Chapter 8: Motivation
11. Functions of Emotions
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Intrapersonal Functions of Emotion
Emotions Help us Act Quickly with Minimal Conscious Awareness
Emotions Prepare the Body for Immediate Action
Emotions Influence Thoughts
Emotions Motivate Future Behaviors
Interpersonal Functions of Emotion
Emotional Expressions Facilitate Specific Behaviors in Perceivers
Emotional Expressions Signal the Nature of Interpersonal Relationships
Emotional Expressions Provide Incentives for Desired Social Behavior
Social and Cultural Functions of Emotion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
12. Motives and Goals
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Origins and Manifestation of Goals
Goal Adoption
Goal Priming
Consequences of Goal Activation
Self-Regulation in Goal Pursuit
From Deliberation to Implementation
Regulation of Ought- and Ideals-Goals
A Cybernetic Process of Self-Regulation
Highlighting One Goal or Balancing Between Goals
Conflicting Goals and Self-Control
Self-Control as an Innate Ability
Self-Control as a Limited Resource
A Prerequisite to Self-Control: Identification
Self-Control Processes: Counteracting Temptation
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Chapter 9: Stress & Health
13. The Healthy Life
Learning Objectives
What Is Health Psychology?
Stress And Health
Protecting Our Health
Coping Strategies
Control and Self-Efficacy
Social Relationships
Dispositions and Emotions: What’s Risky and What’s Protective?
Stress Management
The Importance Of Good Health Practices
Psychology And Medicine
Being A Health Psychologist
The Future Of Health Psychology
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Chapter 10: Cognition: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
14. Intelligence
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Defining and Measuring Intelligence
Types of Intelligence
Correlates of Intelligence
Conclusion
Vocabulary
References
15. Judgment and Decision Making
Learning Objectives
Introduction
What Would a Rational Decision Look Like?
Biases in Our Decision Process
Problem 1 (adapted from Alpert & Raiffa, 1969):
Problem 2 (adapted from Joyce & Biddle, 1981):
Problem 3 (adapted from Tversky & Kahneman, 1981):
Overconfidence
Anchoring
Framing
Contemporary Developments
Fixing Our Decisions
Concluding Thoughts
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
16. Language and Language Use
Learning Objectives
Introduction
How Do We Use Language?
What Do We Talk About?
Psychological Consequences of Language Use
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Chapter 11: Human Development
17. Attachment Through the Life Course
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Attachment Theory: A Brief History and Core Concepts
Individual Differences in Infant Attachment
Antecedents of Attachment Patterns
Attachment Patterns and Child Outcomes
Attachment in Adulthood
Research on Attachment in Adulthood
Who Ends Up with Whom?
Relationship Functioning
Do Early Experiences Shape Adult Attachment?
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
18. Cognitive Development in Childhood
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Nature and Nurture
Does Cognitive Development Progress Through Distinct Stages?
Applications to Education
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
19. Adolescent Development
Learning Objectives
Adolescence Defined
Physical Changes
Cognitive Changes
Social Changes
Parents
Peers
Romantic relationships
Behavioral and Psychological Adjustment
Identity formation
Aggression and antisocial behavior
Anxiety and depression
Academic achievement
Diversity
Conclusions
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Chapter 12: Personality
20. Personality Traits
Learning Objectives
Introduction
The Five-Factor Model of Personality
Facets of Traits (Subtraits)
Other Traits Beyond the Five-Factor Model
The Person-Situation Debate and Alternatives to the Trait Perspective
Appendix
The Mini-IPIP Scale
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
21. The Psychodynamic Perspective
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Core Assumptions of the Psychodynamic Perspective
Assumption 1:Primacy of the Unconscious
Assumption 2: Critical Importance of Early Experiences
Assumption 3: Psychic Causality
The Evolution of Psychodynamic Theory
The Topographic Model
The Psychosexual Stage Model
The Structural Model
The Ego and Its Defenses
Psychodynamic Theories: Where Are We Now?
Object Relations Theory and the Growth of the Psychodynamic Perspective
Empirical Research on Psychodynamic Theories
Psychoanalysis and Culture
The Opportunities and Challenges of Neuroscience
Looking Ahead: Psychodynamic Theory in the 21st Century (and Beyond)
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders
22. Anxiety and Related Disorders
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
Specific Phobia
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Treatments for Anxiety and Related Disorders
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
23. Mood Disorders
Learning Objectives
What Are Mood Disorders?
Mood Episodes
Mood Disorders
How Common Are Mood Disorders? Who Develops Mood Disorders?
Depressive Disorders
Bipolar Disorders
What Are Some of the Factors Implicated in the Development and Course of Mood Disorders?
Depressive Disorders
Bipolar Disorders
What Are Some of the Well-Supported Treatments for Mood Disorders?
Depressive Disorders
Bipolar Disorders
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
24. Dissociative Disorders
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Is it real?
Defining dissociation
Measuring dissociation
Dissociation and Trauma
Causality and evidence
Dissociation and Sleep
A little history
Sleep problems in patients with dissociative disorders
Studying the relationship between dissociation and sleep
Inducing and reducing sleep problems
Implications and Conclusions
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
25. Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Learning Objectives
The phenomenology of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Schizophrenia
Risk Factors for Developing Schizophrenia
Treatment of Schizophrenia
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Chapter 14: Therapy
26. Therapeutic Orientations
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapy
History of Psychoanalytic Therapy
Techniques in Psychoanalysis
Advantages and Disadvantages of Psychoanalytic Therapy
Humanistic and Person-Centered Therapy
History of Person-Centered Therapy
Techniques in Person-Centered Therapy
Advantages and Disadvantages of Person-Centered Therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
History of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Techniques in CBT
Advantages and Disadvantages of CBT
Acceptance and Mindfulness-Based Approaches
Techniques in Mindfulness-Based Therapy
Advantages and Disadvantages of Mindfulness-Based Therapy
Emerging Treatment Strategies
Pharmacological Treatments
Integrative and Eclectic Psychotherapy
Conclusion
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
27. Psychopharmacology
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Pharmacokinetics: What Is It – Why Is It Important?
Drug Administration
Drug Metabolism
Recent Issues Related to Psychotropic Drugs and Metabolism
Grapefruit Juice and Metabolism
Individualized Therapy, Metabolic Differences, and Potential Prescribing Approaches for the Future
Other Controversial Issues
Juveniles and Psychopharmacology
The Elderly and Psychopharmacology
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Chapter 15: Social Psychology
28. Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotyping
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Old-fashioned Biases: Almost Gone
Social Dominance Orientation
Right-wing Authoritarianism
20th Century Biases: Subtle but Significant
Automatic Biases
Ambiguous Biases
Bias Can Be Complicated - Ambivalent Biases
Conclusion: 21st Century Prejudices
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
29. Persuasion: So Easily Fooled
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Two Paths to Persuasion
Triggers and Fixed Action Patterns
The Source of Persuasion: The Triad of Trustworthiness
Authority
Honesty
Likability
Manipulating the Perception of Trustworthiness
Testimonials and Endorsement
Presenting the Message as Education
Word of Mouth
The Maven
Other Tricks of Persuasion
Reciprocity
Social Proof
Commitment and Consistency
A Door in the Face
And That’s Not All!
The Sunk Cost Trap
Scarcity and Psychological Reactance
Defending Against Unwelcome Persuasion
Conclusion
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
30. Conformity and Obedience
Contents
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Conformity
Obedience
Outside Resources
Discussion Questions
Vocabulary
References
Index
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