
Chemistry for CAPE® Examinations
Chemistry for CAPE® Examinations provides comprehensive coverage of Units 1 and 2 of the CAPE Chemistry syllabus and is ideal for students undertaking the full CAPE course as well as those studying for the single-unit Certificate.
Each chapter starts with a learning objective and ends with a summary
Chemical industries, principles, processes, materials and applications are explored
Worked examples and in-text questions help students build their understanding
Review questions (including answers) are included at the end of each chapter
Plenty of diagrams, graphs and tables throughout
The School-Based Assessment section gives step-by-step tips to maximise CAPE coursework success
Written by an expert team of science educators
About the authors
Dr. Helen Jacobs is currently Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of the West Indies, Mona. She has been involved for over 15 years in the delivery of the first year undergraduate chemistry course at UWI.
Dr. Novelette Sadler-McKnight is a lecturer and researcher of Chemistry at the University of the West Indies, Mona. She has been the coordinator for workshops on Spectroscopy and Chromatography for students and teachers for CAPE Chemistry since 2003.
Dr. Stewart McLean graduated in Chemistry from Glasgow University and earned his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Cornell University. As Assistant Professor at the University of Toronto he established a long lasting collaboration with chemists at the University of the West Indies and the University of Guyana.
Dr. Patrice Piggot-Cumberbatch is an Assistant Professor at the University of Trinidad and Tobago. She obtained her B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of the West Indies and has been actively involved in academia ever since.
Dr. Graeme Corbin is an educator at Harrison College, Barbados. He holds a B.Sc. (Hon) in Chemistry & Biology and Ph.D. in Chemistry, both from the University of the West Indies Cave Hill, Barbados.
Dr. Mike Taylor has taught Chemistry at CAPE level for many years in schools, colleges and at university. He is regarded as an expert in matching explanations of the concepts of modern chemistry to the needs of particular student groups.
- Cover
- Half Title
- Title Page
- Copyright
- Contents
- Preface
- UNIT 1 Chemical principles and applications I
- Module 1 Fundamentals in chemistry
- Chapter 1 Atomic structure
- The atom: introduction
- Early ideas about the atom: classical models
- Atomic structure
- Electrons in atoms
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Answers to Review questions
- Chapter 2 The quantum atom and the periodic table
- The quantum atom
- Developing the periodic table
- The modern periodic table
- Periodicity
- Periodic properties in atomic ‘size’
- Summary of general periodic trends
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Answers to Review questions
- Chapter 3 Radioactivity
- Introduction: the alchemists’ dream
- Nuclear transitions
- Radioactive decay
- Properties of α, ß and γ rays
- Problems caused by radiation
- Uses of radioisotopes
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 4 Chemical bonding
- Introduction
- Formation of bonds
- Types of chemical bond
- Bond formation and energy changes
- Ionic bonding
- Covalent bonding
- The hydrogen bond
- The metallic bond
- van der Waals forces
- The periodic table and bond type
- Properties associated with different bond types
- Mixed bonds
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 5 Shapes of covalent molecules
- Lewis structures
- Molecular geometry
- Hybrid orbitals
- Resonance
- Molecular polarity
- Two common misconceptions
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Answers to Review questions
- Chapter 6 An introduction to the mole
- Relative atomic mass of elements, Ar
- Relative formula mass and relative molecular mass of compounds
- The mole
- Molar mass
- Writing chemical equations
- Calculations involving the mole
- The concept of the limiting reagent
- Empirical and molecular formulae
- The mole concept applied to solutions
- Titrimetric (volumetric) analysis
- The mole concept applied to gases
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Answers to Review questions
- Chapter 7 Gases
- Behaviour of gases
- Gas laws
- Behaviour of real gases
- Kinetic-molecular theory
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to Review questions
- Chapter 8 Thermochemistry
- Introduction to thermodynamics
- Heat and heat capacity
- Latent heat
- Heat and the kinetic-molecular theory
- Heat and work
- The first law of thermodynamics
- Calorimetry
- Enthalpy
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Answers to Review questions
- Chapter 1 Atomic structure
- Module 2 Kinetics and equilibria
- Chapter 9 Chemical kinetics
- Collision theory
- Reaction rate
- Determining the order of reaction
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Answers to Review questions
- Chapter 10 Chemical equilibrium
- Reversible reactions
- Gas reactions
- Le Chatelier’s principle
- Changes in the value of K
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 11 Acid/base equilibria
- What are acids and bases?
- Acid/base reactions
- Strong and weak acids and bases
- pKa
- pH
- Changes in pH in acid/base titrations
- Buffer solutions
- Solubility product
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Answers to Review questions
- Chapter 12 Redox equilibria
- Introduction
- Electrode potential
- Galvanic cells: using redox reactions to generate electricity
- The standard hydrogen electrode (S.H.E.)
- Measuring standard electrode potentials
- Measuring the EѲ of half-cells involving non-metals
- Uses of standard electrode potentials
- The effect of concentration on electrode potential
- Energy storage devices
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Answers to Review questions
- Chapter 9 Chemical kinetics
- Module 3 Chemistry of the elements
- Chapter 13 Elements and periodicity: period 3
- Introduction
- Atomic properties
- Bulk properties
- Chemical properties
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 14 Elements and periodicity: Group II
- Introducing Group II
- Physical properties
- Chemical reactions
- Uses of magnesium and calcium compounds
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Answers to Review questions
- Chapter 15 Elements and periodicity: Group IV
- Introducing Group IV
- Variation in physical properties
- The Group IV tetrachlorides
- The Group IV oxides
- Bonding and the ‘inert pair’ effect
- Stability of the +2 and +4 oxidation states
- Silicon
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 16 Elements and periodicity: Group VII
- Introducing the Group VII elements
- Variation in physical properties
- Bonding types
- Chemical properties and reactivity
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 17 The first row transition elements
- Introduction to the transition elements
- Electronic configurations
- Trends across the period of transition elements
- Characteristic properties
- The oxidation states of vanadium
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Answers to Review questions
- Chapter 18 Qualitative inorganic analysis
- Introducing inorganic analysis
- Identification of cations
- Flame tests
- Identification of anions
- Testing for gases
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Answers to Review questions
- Chapter 13 Elements and periodicity: period 3
- Module 1 Fundamentals in chemistry
- UNIT 2 Chemical principles and applications II
- Module 1 The chemistry of carbon compounds
- Chapter 19 Alkanes
- Introduction to carbon compounds
- Alkanes
- Physical properties, sources and uses of alkanes
- Reactions of alkanes: an introduction
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 20 Alkenes and alkynes
- Introduction
- Alkenes
- Alkynes
- Physical properties, sources and uses of alkenes and alkynes
- An introduction to the reactions of alkenes and alkynes
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 21 Alcohols and amines
- Introduction
- Haloalkanes
- Alcohols
- Amines – RNH2
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 22 Stereochemistry
- Introduction
- Structural isomers
- Geometric isomers
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 23 Aldehydes and ketones
- Introduction
- Nomenclature of aldehydes and ketones
- Bonding in the carbonyl group
- General properties of aldehydes and ketones
- Preparation of aldehydes and ketones
- Reactions of aldehydes and ketones
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 24 Carboxylic acids and derivatives
- Introduction
- Nomenclature
- General properties
- Preparation of carboxylic acids
- Acidity of carboxylic acids
- Amino acids
- Reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 25 Aromatic compounds
- Introduction
- Characteristics of aromatic compounds
- The stability of benzene
- The electron structure of benzene
- Aromaticity
- Nomenclature of benzene derivatives
- Properties and uses of aromatic compounds
- Reactions of benzene
- Properties and reactions of aniline
- Properties and reactions of phenol
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 26 Macromolecules
- Introduction
- Polymerization
- Addition polymerization
- Condensation polymerization
- Carbohydrates
- Plastics in the environment
- Waste management
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 27 Reaction mechanisms
- Introduction
- Homolytic and heterolytic cleavage
- Homolysis and radical reactions
- Heterolysis and ionic reactions
- Nucleophilic substitution reactions
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 19 Alkanes
- Module 2 Analytical methods and separation techniques
- Chapter 28 Measurement in chemical analysis
- Introduction
- Defining some terms
- Uncertainty in single determinations
- Uncertainty in addition and subtraction
- Significant figures
- Glassware used for measuring volume
- Measuring mass
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 29 Gravimetric analysis
- Introduction
- The precipitation method
- Apparatus and glassware for gravimetric analysis
- Volatilization methods
- Applications of gravimetric analysis
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 30 Titrimetric analysis
- Introduction
- Acid/base titrations
- Back titrations in acid/base titrimetric analysis
- Titrations monitored by measurement of pH (potentiometric titrations)
- Thermometric and conductimetric titrations
- Primary standards
- Redox titrations
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 31 Introduction to spectroscopy
- Introduction to spectroscopy: resonance
- Electromagnetic radiation
- Regions of the electromagnetic spectrum
- The interaction of electromagnetic radiation with atoms and molecules
- Effects of irradiation
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 32 Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
- Molecular orbitals in covalent molecules
- Absorption of energy by electrons in molecular orbitals
- Studying absorption of UV–visible radiation
- The Beer–Lambert law
- Applications of ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 33 Infrared spectroscopy
- Introduction
- How organic molecules absorb infrared radiation
- Interpreting infrared spectra
- Obtaining infrared spectra
- Infrared absorption in climate and the environment
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 34 Mass spectrometry
- Introduction
- Mass spectra of atoms
- Mass spectra of molecules
- How mass spectra are obtained
- Applications of mass spectrometry
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 35 Phase separations
- Introduction
- Simple distillation
- Fractional distillation
- Vacuum distillation
- Steam distillation
- Solvent extraction
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 36 Chromatography
- Introduction
- Chromatography
- Elution
- Locating individual substances
- Ion-exchange chromatography
- Identifying peaks in a chromatogram
- Uses of chromatography
- Gas-liquid chromatography
- Summary
- Review questions
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 28 Measurement in chemical analysis
- Module 3 Industry and the environment
- Chapter 37 Environmental effects
- Locating industrial plants
- Water
- The atmosphere
- Solid waste
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 38 Chemical industry
- Aluminium
- Crude oil
- Ammonia
- Ethanol
- Chlorine
- Sulfuric acid
- Answers to ITQs
- Chapter 37 Environmental effects
- Module 1 The chemistry of carbon compounds
- CAPE SBA
- Index